we realize that the battery is best suited for portable
and stationary systems. For motive applications such as trains, ocean
going ships and aircraft, the battery lacks capacity, endurance and reliability.
The dividing line, in my opinion, lies with the electric vehicle. We now
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Batteries have a huge advantage over other power sources in being ready to
deliver on short notice — think of the quick action of the camera flash! There
is no warm-up, as is the case with the internal combustion (IC) engine;
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power from the battery flows within a fraction of a second. In
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comparison, a jet engine takes several seconds to gain power, a fuel cell
requires a few minutes, toshiba PA3201U-1ACA Adapterand the
cold steam engine of a locomotive needs hours to build up steam.
Power bandwidth
Rechargeable batteries have a wide power bandwidth,
hp compaq 394224-001 Adaptera quality that is shared with the diesel
engine. In comparison, the bandwidth of the fuel cell is narrow and
works best within a specific load. Jet engines also have a limited
power bandwidth. They have poor low-end torque and operate
most efficiently at a defined revolution-per-minute (RPM).
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when was the battery invented?
one of the most important discoveries in the last 400 years has been electricity.
you may ask, "has electricity been around that long?" the answer is "yes", and
perhaps
much longer. surprisingly, electricity only became useful to humanity in the late
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the earliest known methods of generating electricity were by creating a static charge.
alessandro volta (1745-1827) invented the so-called "electric pistol" by which an
electrical wire was placed in a jar filled with methane gas. by sending an electrical
spark through the wire, the jar would explode.acer PA-1750-04 Adapter
volta then thought of using this invention to provide long distance communications,
albeit only one boolean bit. an iron wire supported by wooden poles was to be strung
from como to milan in italy. at the receiving end, the wire would terminate in a jar
filled with methane gas. on command, an electrical spark is sent by wire that would
cause a detonation to signal a coded event. this communications link was never built.
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the next stage of generating electricity was through electrolysis. volta discovered in
1800 that a continuous flow of electrical force was possible when using certain
fluids as conductors to promote a chemical reaction between metals. volta
discovered further that the voltage would increase when voltaic cells were stacked.
this led to the invention of the battery.Acer TravelMate 600 AC Adapter
from the availability of a battery, experiments were no longer limited to a brief
display of sparks that lasted a fraction of a second. a seemingly endless stream of
electric current was now available.
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in the early 1800, france was approaching the height of scientific advancements
and new ideas were welcomed with open arms to support the political agenda. by
invitation, volta addressed the institute of france in a series of lectures in which
napoleon bonaparte was present. napoleon himself helped with the experiments,
drawing sparks from the battery, acer LC.ADT01.001 Adapter melting a steel wire,
discharging an electric pistol and decomposing water into its elements.
Battery problems are one of the leading causes of vehicle breakdowns. To reduce the
chances of battery failure, it is helpful to understand its causes. Most problems with
batteries can be avoided by following the regular care and maintenance practices
recommended by the manufacturer in the vehicle owner's manual. dell AC Adapters
Undercharging a battery causes sulfation, which is the chemical breakdown of battery
electrolyte. As the electrolyte breaks down, it adheres to the lead plates within the
battery, forming sulfuric crystals that slowly build up over time. hp AC AdaptersAs
sulfation occurs, the ability of the battery to hold a charge and provide energy is reduced
. Severe sulfation can result in a buildup of material between the lead plates in a battery,
causing internal short circuits between the plates.
A battery that is not used for long periods of time loses electrical charge, eventually
leading to a fully discharged condition and sulfation. Periodic use helps to replace
lost electrical charge and inhibit the start of sulfation that can lead to premature battery
death.
Temperatures over one hundred degrees Fahrenheit increase a battery's rate of internal
discharge. Batteries that do not receive periodic recharge in high heat conditions can lose
most of their electrical charge within twenty four hours. toshiba AC Adapters
Deep cycling is the repeated draining of a majority of a battery's charge. Automotive
batteries are designed to hold a steady state of charge, and repeatedly draining and
recharging an automotive battery drastically reduces its lifespan.Dell laptop keyboard
Electrolyte is the liquid within a battery that helps it to produce and hold an electrical
charge. When electrolyte levels become low due to leaks or evaporation, the lead plates,
or "cells," within the battery become exposed to air, which causes rapid sulfation.
In addition, low electrolyte levels reduce the amount of electrons the hp laptop keyboard
is capable of producing, lowering the overall electrical charge.
Parasitic drain is the presence of a load on the battery when the vehicle is not in operation.
Clocks, radios, lights and alarms are examples of parasitic drain, and all consume a small
amount of the battery's electrical charge when the vehicle is at rest. Unusual parasitic
drains such as leaving headlights on or electrical system malfunctions can drain the
battery in a matter of hours, allowing sulfation to begin if the battery is not recharged
immediately.toshiba laptop keyboard
Faulty voltage regulators or alternators can overcharge a vehicle battery. When this
happens, the excess electrical charge causes the plates within the battery to shed
material, increasing the battery's resistance to a charge. This shedding causes heat
to build within the battery, resulting in the evaporation of electrolyte.
The innovative design of the battery cell was
surprisingly simple yet very elegant since both of the electrodes consist of
identical pieces of the composite paper separated by an ordinary filter paper
soaked with sodium chloride serving as the electrolyte. The
potential difference is solely due to differences between the oxidized and
reduced forms of the functional PPy layer. The battery recharged faster
than conventional rechargeable batteries and appears well-suited for
applications involving flexible electronics, Dell Inspiron 6400 Battery such as clothing and packaging, the
scientists say. Alternatively, low-cost very large energy storage devices having
electrodes of several square yards in size could potentially be made in the
future. Compaq Presario CQ40 battery
Albert Mihranyan and colleagues note in the report that scientists are trying to develop light, ecofriendly, inexpensive batteries consisting entirely of nonmetal parts. The most promising materials include so-called conductive polymers or "plastic electronics."
One conductive polymer, polypyrrole (PPy), shows promise, but was often regarded as too inefficient for commercial batteries. The scientists realized, however, that by coating PPy on a large surface area substrate and carefully tailoring the thickness of the PPy coating, both the charging capacity and the charging (discharging) rates can be drastically improved.
The secret behind the performance of this battery is the presence of the homogeneous, uninterrupted, Dell Inspiron E1505 Battery nano-thin coating — about 1/50,000th the thickness of a human hair — of PPy on individual cellulose fibers which in turn can be molded into paper sheets of exceptionally high internal porosity. It was special cellulose, extracted from a certain species of green algae, with 100 times the surface area of cellulose found in paper. That surface area was key to allowing the new device to hold and discharge electricity very efficiently. MicrosoftInternetExplorer402DocumentNotSpecified7.8Normal0